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What is Political Science?
Political science is a field of study that deals with the practice of politics and government, political behavior, application of theoretical and practical concepts in politics, and the analysis of political system etc. It studies the political and Governance issues at local, state, national and international levels. It is concerned with matters related to allocation and transfer of powers in political decision making, public health, political and public relations, wealth and national and international peace.
In other words, it is a branch of social science that studies the government, decision-making process, policies and the outcomes from the government policies. Political science directs who gets what, when, how and where.
History of Political Science
Political science started to develop in the 19th century as a social science. The concept of political science was written nearly 2500 years ago by the great political philosophers Chanakya, Aristotle, and Plato. Political science was first originated with the ancient Greek. The great philosopher Plato raised the questions related to politics such as what makes a good Government, nature of justice, what will be the best for humanity etc.
After Plato, Aristotle defined it in a more scientific way by describing the types and systems of government. At the beginning of the 17th century, people started to apply the scientific methods in politics.
Father of Political Science
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher is known as the father of political science. He wrote on many subjects such as poetry, geology, natural science, ethics etc.
The scope of Political Science
Political science has a very vast scope. It is divided into 5 sub-disciplines i.e. comparative politics, public administration, political theory, public law, and international relations. These sub divisions of political science cover all the concepts of modern political economy. It will provide you the complete understanding of the functions global political economy. The scope of political science is broadened up now by including the study of the world's democratic elections. So now, the scope of studying political science is enhanced all over the world.
Importance of Political Science
As we know, we are living within the political system and we are also affected by the changes in the political factors or political economy. That is when the importance of political science comes into the picture. The study of political science is very important to understand the national, international and global political scenarios. Taking this into consideration, many universities are providing graduate and post graduate courses in political science.
Career Options in Political Science
The professionals of political science are able to analyze the fundamental human issues such as economic crisis, globalization, world peace, and many more after doing a proper bachelor or master course in political science. Here we have some career options that you can opt after doing bachelors or masters degree in political science.
Career Options of Political Science in Government and Politics
When you complete your bachelor or masters degree in political science you can join political parties and as a fresh politician you can make influencing decisions and shape the society. You can also participate in debates and make a way to come into Government. You can join an NGO or you have an option to make your own political party and make your ideas and proposals to be heard by the Government.
A few career options in politics are:-
Political Consultant:- Generally the Government officials don't take political or Government decision on their own, instead, they prefer to take advice from an expert, which is where the role of a political consultant comes into play. You can be a political consultant and by taking the public perception into consideration you can make strategies to implement in the political project and propose your idea to the Government.
Lobbyist:- A lobbyist is a person who meets the members of parliament and discusses legislation. So, after completing your professional course in political science you have an option to become a lobbyist.
Political Campaign Manager:- You have another option to get into politics or Government as a political campaign manager. He is responsible for promoting a political party in elections. He is supposed to hire, supervise and assign various tasks to volunteers and campaign staff members. The duty of a campaign manager is to organize a campaign, make marketing and communication strategies.
Career Politician:- If you are sure and confident that you can have enough support for your ideas, then you can go to a place in parliament. For that, you need to prove yourself and convince the other members of parliament to give their vote to you to become a member of parliament.
Career Options of Political Science in Business
When you have a proper knowledge and understanding of national and international policies, you can understand or get a better consumer insight. So, you have an option to become a business expert after studying political science. Here are some career options in business after having a degree in political science.
Career Options of Political Science in Law
A degree in political science would be of a great help in the study of law. The study of politics and law go hand in hand. So, if you are a graduate of political science, you can easily understand how law shapes Government policies. If you mix political science and law together you will have an opportunity to work on law projects and make changes to former laws. However, during your course of studying law, you might be asked to prepare assignments on politics. Therefore, we will be of a great benefit for you, if you choose our political science assignment help.
Here we have some career options for you:-
Career Options of Political Science in Media
If you have studied political science you have an option to build up your career in journalism and mass media. If you have a good understanding of political science, you can cover the events and news related to politics. You need to understand the political environment, international and global trends and events very deeply in order to report them using various media channels. Some of the career options of political science study in journalism:-
Career Options of Political Science in Education
After getting a graduate or post graduate degree in political science you can pursue a career in the education field. You can opt a career as a political science teacher or professor. You have furthermore options in the education field after a Ph.D. degree in political science. You can work as a professor or researcher at a big university level.
Important Terms and Concepts of Political Science
Abdication:- It is a term used in political science which represent an act of formally relinquish monarch authority. In simple words, it is a failure to fulfill a duty. Most of the abdications have a confession of failure in policy. Abdication is resigning from an official office. The term abdication is applied to monarchs. In other words, the term abdication is a permanent withdrawal or resigns from the position of monarch.
Absolute Monarchy:- It is a form of Government in which the ruler has supreme authority where he enjoys full control over the Government as he is not restricted by any law or legislature. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler is the head of state with unrestricted political powers. In most of the cases, the powers of the absolute monarch are transferred either through marriage or heredity.
Allegiance:- In simple words allegiance is the loyalty of a person towards his Government or it is a duty to be owed by the people to their states. In political terms, it is a tie that connects or binds an individual to an institution. It is commonly referred to as the legal obligation of a person to the Government.
Bureaucracy:- The term bureaucracy was originated in an Early 19th century. It is derived from a French word bureaucratie. In a bureaucratic Government, decisions are taken by the officials of the state rather than the elected authority or representative. It is characterized by hierarchical authority relations, impersonal rules and recruitment by competence, and fixed salaries. Earlier, bureaucratic Government was managed by non-elected official staff. In a bureaucracy, every individual is assigned with a particular task and it is looked by the higher authority on the next level.
Ballot:- It is an electronic device which is used for casting votes in elections. It is used for the purpose of secret voting. In Government elections, preprinted ballots are used in order to protect the secrecy of votes. The choice of candidates are indicated on the ballot machine, the voter can simply press the button and vote the candidate.
Ballot:- It is an electronic device which is used for casting votes in elections. It is used for the purpose of secret voting. In Government elections, preprinted ballots are used in order to protect the secrecy of votes. The choice of candidates are indicated on the ballot machine, the voter can simply press the button and vote the candidate.
Citizen:- A citizen is a person living in a country who is granted the legal rights and privileges by the Government of that country. He is supposed to obey the country laws. In other words, a citizen is a member of a state or a country who is entitled to certain rights and owes allegiance to the government.
Constitution:- Constitutions are the fundamental principles or framework that which are implied in the laws and governs a country in relation to the rights of the people it governs. In other words, constitutions are the principles and laws of a country or a state which decide the duties of Government and grant certain rights to the citizens of that country. There is no single document for the constitution. A constitution is the sum of different documents related to authorities, court judgments and many more.
Cabinet:- Cabinet is a group or body of people or advisors of high-rank state officials. It consists of top leaders of the executive branch, called the minister. The functions of a cabinet may vary from country to country. All the members of a cabinet are collectively responsible for decision making, day-to-day management of Government etc.
Committee: - It is a little bit similar to cabinet but differs in jobs and responsibility of members. A committee is a group of two or more person who is appointed to report or take corrective actions on a specific matter. A committee has a limited power that is assigned by the appointees of the committee.
Democracy: - it is a type of Government in which the citizens elect the government of the country through voting. In a democratic country, it is compulsory to be at the age of 18 or above to take part and vote in the elections. A democratic country works on the concept of one person one vote. In a democratic country, elections are held in every 5 years and the citizens have full right to choose their government.
Election:- Election is a process of choosing a candidate to rule the government by the means of voting using a device called ballot.
Sub Disciplines of Political Science
As we discussed before that political science is sub-divided into 5 disciplines. Let’s now discuss all the sub-divisions in brief.
Comparative Politics:- As the name suggest comparative politics is the comparison among countries and find out the similarities and differences between them. It emphasizes the study of political institutions, domestic politics, and conflicts of different countries. It is one of the oldest methods of political analysis. Comparative politics defined by the methods applied to study political incidents rather than the objects of study.
Public Law: - It is a sub-division of political science deals with the laws related to the citizens of the country. It governs the relationship between individuals and the Government directly concerned to the society. It includes the laws related to the public such as administrative law, tax law, criminal law, constitutional law and many more. Public laws are governed by central or local Government bodies which can make decisions regarding the rights of individuals.
Public Administration: - It is a branch of political science which involves the formulation of government policies and other academic disciplines. It focuses on the execution of government policies. This discipline of political science operates on the process of preparing individuals as workers committed to serve the public. Public administration implements public policies and discipline officials responsible for any sort of behavior.
Political Philosophy: - Political philosophy is concerned with the study of politics and relevant subjects such as rights, Justice, property, liberty, and law. It is an indication of a general view or a particular ethic or belief regarding the political attitudes or opinions towards the political concept of ideology. It is also referred to as a sub-branch of political science by the majority of scholars.
International Relations:- This field of political science is very popular among students. It can be referred to as a branch of the international political science as well as a separate discipline. There are numerous fields from which, the international relations get inspired or take inspiration from, such as international law, sociology, demography, comparative religion, psychology, economics, engineering, and technology.
Political Methodology:- It is a branch of political science which deals with the quantitative tools for studying politics. It is a blend of formal theory, mathematics, and statistics. Additionally, the political methodology is used for positive research along with the normative forms of research. The concept of political methodology focuses on the identification of econometrics.
International Political Economy:- This is a discipline of political science that involves evaluation of international relations and economics. It is a field which is affected by various academic branches, for example, cultural studies, history, economics, and sociology etc. there are four different perspectives of looking at the International political economy. First, the Liberal theorist: they believe that the private powers should enjoy complete freedom regardless of its effect on the freedom of government or public powers. Second, the Realistic point of view: it involves appreciation and acceptance of the private market’s power along with the belief in the regulatory hold of the government. Third, the Marxist perspective, it is an opinion that should be implemented by the government on strong public power on the private markets, in order to give an advantage to a huge population. Last but not the least, the Constructive view, the belief in this view is that the communication between different countries comes at a cost. Therefore, the political and economic entities affect economic actions in a great manner.
How are Nations, Countries, Governments, and States different?
A state has a separate identity which can be a supreme ruler (sovereign) of a territory, area, and all the people residing in it. Sovereignty is the ultimate authority pertaining to a political unit.
A country can be taken as a synonym for State. Both are self-governing political entities. For example, the United States can be referred to as a state or a country, depending on the choice of people. However, the word ‘state’ is less used as a country, in political science and international relations. This is because the term country can indicate different other things such as a rural environment.
A nation is another important term, which involves a group of people sharing the same culture without sovereignty. They are connected to one another by a common tradition or culture. These are people who live together in a particular geographic region. It has been seen that the contemporary states try to include values of the nation under the boundaries of the national territory. It is very important to know that every nation does not consist of states.
A government is an entity that controls and regulates a community or a state. It can also be referred to as a group of individuals who claim and execute authority over a state or community. The structure of a government consists of administrators, legislators, and arbitrators. The government introduces and implements the policies of the state. The government of a state has the power to affect human activities through various different ways.
The government operations in a country are easily identifiable due to the different official forms, the nation has. On the other hand, sometimes the identification also become difficult due to the emergence of a large number of political systems or structures which arises because of socio-economic movements and then naming their parties after the movements. They can be categorized as a separate type of government because of the connections they have with the movements mentioned above.
India’s Political System
Introduction: India is a secular, sovereign, republic, and democratic country, comprising of a Parliamentary form of Government. The Indian constitution was introduced on 26th November 1949 and was implemented on 26th November 1950. The Indian government is a parliamentary form of democracy and federally structured. The federal system of government has been borrowed from the United States, Canada, and Australia.
The President is the constitutional head of the executive. However, the practical power pertaining to the constitution lies with the Prime Minister and the Council of ministers. Article 74(1) of the Indian constitution states that the Governor represents the authority on behalf of the President, in states. However, here also, the real executive power lies within the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers.
Executive: As mentioned above, the President is the head of the state in India. The President has the power to return the Bill once for reconsideration. This role is very crucial in times of crisis. At the time of emergency, the President has the power to declare and enable the extension of the normal five-year term of the Lok Sabha.
The President is elected through the voting of around 5,000 members of the national parliament and state legislature. The current President of India is Ram Nath Kovind.
The Indian constitution also has a place for a Vice-President. He is elected by the electoral college of both houses of Parliament. The Vice-President is the former member of the upper house also called the Rajya Sabha.
The Prime Minister is the head of government. A prime minister is nominated from the winning party of the lower house or Lok Sabha. Current Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who took his pledge on May 2014. He is the leader of BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party).
The Ministers are appointed by the mutual consult between the President and the Prime Minister. All the ministers collectively make out the Council of Ministers.
Legislative: Indian Political system also consists of the Lower house known as the Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha consists of 530 members, where 552 is the maximum size. These 530 members consist of people representing their respective states and 20 members representing people from the Union Territories and 2 members representing the Anglo-Indian community. At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members in total. The time after which every Lok Sabha dissolves is five year unless an emergency is declared by the President.
The upper house is the Rajya Sabha which is also known as the Council of States. The Rajya Sabha consists of 250 members, out of which 12 members are chosen by the President. Currently, the Rajya Sabha comprises of 238 members. These members are indirectly elected by the state and territorial legislatures. The method used in this election is the single transferable vote.
Both of the houses have a similar amount of powers except in the area of the money supply. Lok Sabha dominates in this field. In the case of any disagreement, a joint meeting of both the houses is held. Still, if the disagreement is not resolved in the joint sitting session, then the will of the Lok Sabha prevails. This is because the Lok Sabha is double the size of the Rajya Sabha.
The Judicial: The highest authority in civil, criminal and constitutional cases is the Supreme Court. The judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President along with the consult of the Chief Justice, four most senior judges of the court and the senior most judge of the high court of the appointee.
Political System of United States of America
Introduction: The United States of America is a federal republic country, consisting of fifty states. The constitution was made in the year 1787. It is a governmentally established nation, made up of separate institutions. These institutions share various powers among themselves. The government of the US has three levels; national, state, and local. Every level has an individual officer, elected by the American citizens. The Government is divided into three branches; executive, legislative and the judiciary. Every branch has its specific responsibility which is regulated with a strict check.
Legislative: According to the Article 1 of the US constitution, the responsibility of the legislation and all its powers are given to a body having dual chambers known as the Senate and the House of Representatives (Congress).
Congress: Congress is given the power to control the federal taxation system, right to mint money, and to declare war. The main objective of the Congress is to write and pass bills prior to being forwarded to the President.
Agencies: Congress has to depend on the assistance and advice of outsourcing agencies as the work and responsibility of the Congress is increasing day-by-day. The budget office is a team of experts in the field of economics and statistics. They provide assistance and help to the legislature by giving advice on issues related to the state.
Executive: The executive branch is responsible for the introduction and implementation of rules and regulations. It comprises of President, Vice-President of the country, the cabinet and other agencies. The President is the head of the Executive branch that ensures that the execution of laws is being done as intended. He also upholds the responsibility if anything happens to the constitution. Therefore, he/she must protect, preserve and defend it.
President: The President is the chief commander of the US army along with the leader of the executive branch of the US government. His additional responsibilities include signing important bills related to the law, member of the jury, international treaties negotiations, and ambassadors of the state. On one hand, where the President has noteworthy authority over the state, his powers are also restricted due to the system of checks and balances.
Cabinet: The President and the leaders of the fifteen executive departments collectively make up the Cabinet. These executive departments include; agriculture, homeland security, commerce, human and health services, education, defense, urban and housing development energy etc. the congress is responsible for regulating the budgets and law formulation for these departments. Therefore, they must work in cooperation with the committees of the Congress.
Judicial: The judicial branch of the USA government involves the responsibility to interpret the formulated laws, passed by the Congress. It has the Supreme Court as the highest judicial authority and the other local federal courts under it. The Judiciary has the right to form a new unconstitutional law if they think that any of the constitutional law is contravening the constitution.
Supreme Court: The Supreme Court holds the highest authority when it comes to judicial matters. The decisions taken by the Supreme Court cannot be reversed. They can only be changed by making another decision and by following the process of constitutional amendment. The President appoints the judges in the Supreme Court. The judges have to make sure that there is no violation of constitutional principles. It is their foremost responsibility to prevent it from happening.
Lower Courts: Article 3 of the US constitution talks about the incorporation and creation of federal courts, appointment of judges and their compensation. They are essential for the elucidation and appeal of the federal laws of the states. Hence, there numerous district courts other than the Supreme Court.
The British Political SystemIntroduction: The United Kingdom Parliament is democratic. It functions with a constitutional monarchy. The Prime Minister is the political leader and leads the government Monarch is the head of the state. House of Commons and the House of Lords together makes the Government.
The Parliament: The Parliament and the Government of United Kingdom possess somewhat the same meaning. The authority is shared between the Parliament and the Westminster. The Parliament holds the right to introduce or dismiss any law.
The Prime Minister: The prime minister is the leader of the government of the United Kingdom. All the crucial decisions regarding the operations of government agencies and civil service departments, the appointment of the members of the government are his responsibility.
The House of Commons: The House of Commons is also known as the Lower Chamber of the Parliament. It consists of a Member of Parliament, elected by the group of voters of their specific area. This concept is similar to that of the United States. There is a single MP who represents a specific constituency having a specific name. The life of every House of Commons is for five years. Furthermore, they can also be asked to resign if they lose their vote of confidence. Every individual who is a citizen of the UK and is above the age of 18 can vote. The elections are held indirectly proportional method i.e. the number of seats won should have a direct relation to the number of votes given for it.
The House of Lords: The House of Lords is also known as the Upper Chamber of the parliament of UK. This house interprets the legislative laws and tracks the activities of the Government. It has the right to stop money bills from being passed further but it eventually has to go back to the House of Commons for approval. The House of Lords is the second largest legislative body in the world comprising 825 members. The members of this chamber of parliament are appointed by the Queen as advised by the members of the Government.
The Political System of Australia
Introduction: The constitution of Australia also involves a federal government. The three branches of Australian Government i.e. the parliament, the judicature and the executive, are also known as three arms of the Australian Government.
The Parliament: The Parliament of Australia has the power to make laws and pass the legislative laws. It comprises of the Governor-General, the two sub-divisions which are the Senate and the House of the Representatives, and the Queen. The mutual consult of both the houses of parliament is essential in order to execute a law. The Senate upholds restrictions regarding the introduction or amendment of financial laws. This is the only exception; otherwise, both the houses possess equal powers.
Prime Minister: The Prime minister leads the Australian Government. He is placed in this position after getting elected and chosen as the leader of the government of Australia.
Governor-General: The Governor General is the ceremonial head of the state that performs all the functions and activities on behalf of the Queen, advised by the Prime Minister. He can appoint and dismiss the executive councilors. The Governor General is the one who decides the meeting and dissolution of the Parliament.
Queen: The Queen of Australia has a completely different role than the Queen in the United Kingdom because the Governor General takes on all the activities and functions of the Queen regardless of the fact that she is the head of the state.
The Judiciary: The Judiciary responsibility of the Australian constitution is given the Supreme Court and other federal courts. It is given to interpret laws and gauge the constitution’s individual cases. The constitution establishes the High court and the legislation in the parliament creates other federal courts. The judges for the respective courts are appointed through the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet by the Governor General.
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