Pharmacology Assignment: Impact Of Drugs On Anxiety Patients

Question

Task: Pharmacology Assignment Instructions to follow:
Summary style: This requires you to summarise below 5 articles, rather than synthesising and analysing them. The flow of the summary is less important, but you must still include a brief discussion of the importance and relevance of each article included.
1. The summary must include well-written sections including an informative and concise summary/ introduction and conclusion and distinct clear sections for each article
2. The writing is clear?(avoids unnecessary detail); simple?(uses direct language and avoids vague or complicated sentences and jargon); Impartial?(avoids assumptions and unproven statements); accurate?(avoids vague and ambiguous language); objective?(statements and ideas are supported by appropriate evidence that demonstrates how conclusions have been drawn as well as acknowledging the work of others)
3. a concise summary of each article is provided with a description of the results of the study and a discussion of their relevance, strengths and limitations in comparison with other studies included in the report. The argument is logically structured (ideas and processes are in a logical order with clear sub-headings

1. Title of article
Etifoxine is non-inferior than clonazepam for reduction of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a randomized, double blind, non-inferiority trial

Reference
Vicente, B., Saldivia, S., Hormazabal, N., Bustos, C., &Rubí, P. (2020). Etifoxine is non-inferior than clonazepam for reduction of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a randomized, double blind, non-inferiority trial. Psychopharmacology, 237(11), 3357–3367.
2. Title of article
Rapid Anxiolytic Effects of RS67333, a Serotonin Type 4 Receptor Agonist, and Diazepam, a Benzodiazepine, Are Mediated by Projections From the Prefrontal Cortex to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

Reference
Faye, C., Hen, R., Guiard, B. P., Denny, C. A., Gardier, A. M., Mendez-David, I., & David, D. J. (2020). Rapid Anxiolytic Effects of RS67333, a Serotonin Type 4 Receptor Agonist, and Diazepam, a Benzodiazepine, Are Mediated by Projections From the Prefrontal Cortex to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. Biological Psychiatry, 87(6), 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.009
3. Title of article
Perceptions, clinical characteristics, and other factors associated with prolonged and high daily dose of benzodiazepine use among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders
Reference
Chen, Y.-T. ( 1,2 ), Liu, C.-Y. ( 3,4 ), Chang, C.-M. ( 5 ), Lai, Y.-M. ( 6 ), Wang, B.-H. ( 7 ), Yang, T.-Y. ( 8,9 ), & Hsu, S.-C. ( 10,11,12 ). (n.d.). Perceptions, clinical characteristics, and other factors associated with prolonged and high daily dose of benzodiazepine use among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.077

4. Title of article
Patterns of benzodiazepines use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders
Reference
Tanguay Bernard, M.-M. ( 1,2 ), Luc, M. ( 1,2 ), Côté, E. ( 1,2 ), Lessard, O. ( 1,2 ), Gibeault, C. ( 1,2 ), Roberge, P. ( 1,3,7 ), Carrier, J.-D. ( 3 ), Bocti, C. ( 3,6 ), Fournier, L. ( 4 ), &Duhoux, A. ( 5 ). (n.d.). Patterns of benzodiazepines use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders. Heliyon, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00688

5. Title of article
Association between suicide death and concordance with benzodiazepine treatment guidelines for anxiety and sleep disorders Boggs, J. M. ( 1,2 ), Beck, A. ( 1,2 ), Ritzwoller, D. P. ( 1,2 ), Lindrooth, R. C. ( 2 ), Battaglia, C. ( 2,11 ), Ahmedani, B. K. ( 3,12 ), Rossom, R. C. ( 4 ), Lynch, F. L. ( 5 ), Lu, C. Y. ( 6 ), Waitzfelder, B. E. ( 7 ), Owen-Smith, A. A. ( 8,13 ), Simon, G. E. ( 9 ), & Anderson, H. D. ( 10 ). (n.d.). Association between suicide death and concordance with benzodiazepine treatment guidelines for anxiety and sleep disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 62, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.005

Answer

Introduction:
The pharmacology assignmentwill critique selected 5 research articles in terms of the data, results, discussion, strengths and limitations in order to assess the impact of usage of drugs in the case of anxiety patients.

1. Title of article
Etifoxine is non-inferior to clonazepam for reduction of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial

Introduction and significance: In this research study, the researcher focused on evaluating the non-inferiority of a non-benzodiazepine drug called etifoxine belonging to the benzoxazine family in comparison with clonazepam in order to treat anxiety disorder in suffering individuals.

Method: The research highlights randomized controlled double-blind trial as the research design where two parallel groups have been sued to conduct the research.

Result: It was found in the result that etifoxine in terms of treatment for anxiety symptoms and adverse incidences is not inferior to clonazepam.

Conclusion: It helped in evaluating the drugs respectively in relation to anxiety and then assessing the non-inferiority of etifoxine.

Strength: The strength of the research is that it focuses on using a randomized controlled double-blind trial using two parallel groups in order to assess the individual impact of the drug in treating anxiety symptoms and adverse signs .

Limitation: It has been found that, though the research was carried out using primary participants, the pieces of evidence or information related to participants privacy and confidentially management has not been addressed the research study does not highlight the necessary ethics that need to be addressed while conducting research using primary participant .

Reference
Vicente, B., Saldivia, S., Hormazabal, N., Bustos, C., & Rubí, P. (2020). Etifoxine is non-inferior to clonazepam for reduction of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Psychopharmacology, 237(11), 3357–3367.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05617-6

2. Title of article
Rapid Anxiolytic Effects of RS67333, a Serotonin Type 4 Receptor Agonist, and Diazepam, a Benzodiazepine, Are Mediated by Projections from the Prefrontal Cortex to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

Introduction and significance: The research carried out by Faye et al., (2020) was to understand the impact of rapid anxiolytic effects ofDiazepam, a Benzodiazepine as well as RS67333, a serotonin type 4 receptor agonist which is mediated by the projections from the prefrontal cortex to the dorsal raphe nucleus. The background of the study supports the fact that on various animals model the activation of serotonin or 5-HT type 4 receptors has shown anxiolytic effects.

Method: Primary research using mice as the research sample was conducted, as no other information related to the research method has been provided clearly.

Result: From the result attained in the research, it was found that intra-mPFC infusion as well as acute systematic administration of the RS67333 produces anxiolytic effects in increased rate along with the enhanced rate of DRN 5-HT cell firing.
Conclusion:The research concludes the finding as it was found that activation of 5-HT4R within the mPFC in the DRN has its role in developing a strategy that helps in the production of increased anxiolytic response.

Strength:It is carried out to sustain a better understanding and idea towards different new approaches which can be sued for the treatment of anxiety .

Limitation: It has been found that the study does not highlight any ethical or legal terms that need to be addressed in the research to ensure the authenticity and validity of the research . Also, the study does not follow any research design or method structure carry which makes it difficult to understand the articles and their process of conduction.

3. Title of article
Perceptions, clinical characteristics, and other factors associated with a prolonged and high daily dose of benzodiazepine use among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders

Introduction and significance: It have been addressed in the research that benzodiazepines or BZDs have a major role in treating anxiety and are commonly used in the case of patients with anxiety. It has also been found that these drugs have a major complication in patients who are associated with long term usage of the drug.

Method: The study conducted a cross-sectional study in order to assess the respective factors that are related to the high dosage of the drugs and the time period of administration within the people who are suffering from depression and anxiety .

Result: The research study highlights the data which states that patients with alternative treatment opportunities and ideas are less associated with long term use of benzodiazepines.

Conclusion: Older adults above the age of 65 years and those with the sleeping disorder is highly associated with longer use of the drugs.

Strength: The strength of the research is that it clearly used a sample size of 250 which helped in assessing the impact of the drug on the participants.

Limitation: Though the major limitation of the research is that it used cross-sectional research designs which minimized the chances to understand the causal relation of the participant to the drug as it focused on précised research aim to understand the long-term usage of benzodiazepines.

Reference
Chen, Y.-T. (1,2), Liu, C.-Y. (3,4), Chang, C.-M. (5), Lai, Y.-M. (6), Wang, B.-H. (7), Yang, T.-Y. (8,9), & Hsu, S.-C. (10,11,12). (n.d.). Perceptions, clinical characteristics, and other factors associated with a prolonged and high daily dose of benzodiazepine use among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.077

4. Title of article
Patterns of benzodiazepines use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders

Introduction and significance: In the following research, the researcher focuses on assessing the pattern of usage of benzodiazepines in the case of patients with anxiety as it is considered to be one of the most commonly used medications against anxiety.

Method:a large primary care study using Dialogue project.

Result: The research results highlighted the fact that the drug has a high risk of long-term usage on people using benzodiazepine .The research evaluated the pattern of benzodiazepine usage as well as the long-term impact of the drug usage on primary care patients with anxiety disorder.

Conclusion: It explains the need to generate awareness regarding the risk and the impact of long-term usage of the drug among patients with anxiety.

Strength: The aim of the research as well as the structure followed in the complication of the research provided strength to the research in attaining a significant set of evidence.

Limitation: The research study high the limitation where the data collection procedure was developing a barrier in sustaining better results as it was a self-reported questionnaire where the risk of information bias was high.

Reference
Tanguay Bernard, M.-M. ( 1,2 ), Luc, M. ( 1,2 ), Côté, E. ( 1,2 ), Lessard, O. ( 1,2 ), Gibeault, C. ( 1,2 ), Roberge, P. ( 1,3,7 ), Carrier, J.-D. ( 3 ), Bocti, C. ( 3,6 ), Fournier, L. ( 4 ), & Duhoux, A. ( 5 ). (n.d.). Patterns of benzodiazepine use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders. Heliyon, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00688?

5. Title of article
Association between suicide death and concordance with benzodiazepine treatment guidelines for anxiety and sleep disorders.

Introduction and significance: The research have been conducted in order to assess the guidelines for the management of sleep disorders and anxiety. The research focuses on evaluating and analysing the relation between suicidal deaths and relation with the guidelines for benzodiazepine drugs.

Method: The researcher carried out the study using a retrospective case-control study involving patients suffering from anxiety and sleeping disorders from 8 different states of the United States .

Result: From the results of the study, it was assessed that there are minimized odd for suicidal cases among those patients who were suffering from anxiety as they were involved in short term usage of benzodiazepine along with concomitant psychotherapy or other antidepressant treatments and care.

Conclusion: short term usage of benzodiazepine decreases the risk of suicidal death among those patients who were suffering from anxiety.

Strength:The research was conducted under the guidance of the Mental Health Research Network and it serves as a strength of the research as the study was conducted under a favourable network and proper supervision of professionals as the research involved primary participants.

Limitation:The research does not clearly state the ethical and legal norms that need to be addressed while using patients as primary participants .

References:
Boggs, J. M. ( 1,2 ), Beck, A. ( 1,2 ), Ritzwoller, D. P. ( 1,2 ), Lindrooth, R. C. ( 2 ), Battaglia, C. ( 2,11 ), Ahmedani, B. K. ( 3,12 ), Rossom, R. C. ( 4 ), Lynch, F. L. ( 5 ), Lu, C. Y. ( 6 ), Waitzfelder, B. E. ( 7 ), Owen-Smith, A. A. ( 8,13 ), Simon, G. E. ( 9 ), & Anderson, H. D. ( 10 ). (n.d.). Association between suicide death and concordance with benzodiazepine treatment guidelines for anxiety and sleep disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 62, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.005

Conclusion:
The pharmacology assignmenthelped in assessing the strengths and weaknesses along with the evidence reflected in each of the 5 research articles to understand the authenticity of the research. The assessment helped in evaluating the significance and negative impact of long-term usage of drugs used in the case of patients with anxiety disorder.

Vicente, B., Saldivia, S., Hormazabal, N., Bustos, C., & Rubí, P. (2020). Etifoxine is non-inferior than clonazepam for reduction of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a randomized, double blind, non-inferiority trial. Psychopharmacology, 237(11), 3357–3367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05617-6
Fiesler, C. (2019). Ethical considerations for research involving (speculative) public data. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(GROUP), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3370271
Faye, C., Hen, R., Guiard, B. P., Denny, C. A., Gardier, A. M., Mendez-David, I., & David, D. J. (2020). Rapid Anxiolytic Effects of RS67333, a Serotonin Type 4 Receptor Agonist, and Diazepam, a Benzodiazepine, Are Mediated by Projections From the Prefrontal Cortex to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. Biological Psychiatry, 87(6), 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.009
Arifin, S. R. M. (2018). Ethical considerations in qualitative study. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(2), 30-33.Retrieved from https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijcs/index.php/ijcs/article/view/82 Chen, Y.-T. (1,2), Liu, C.-Y. (3,4), Chang, C.-M. (5), Lai, Y.-M. (6), Wang, B.-H. (7), Yang, T.-Y. (8,9), & Hsu, S.-C. (10,11,12). (n.d.). Perceptions, clinical characteristics, and other factors associated with prolonged and high daily dose of benzodiazepine use among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.077
Tanguay Bernard, M.-M. ( 1,2 ), Luc, M. ( 1,2 ), Côté, E. ( 1,2 ), Lessard, O. ( 1,2 ), Gibeault, C. ( 1,2 ), Roberge, P. ( 1,3,7 ), Carrier, J.-D. ( 3 ), Bocti, C. ( 3,6 ), Fournier, L. ( 4 ), & Duhoux, A. ( 5 ). (n.d.). Patterns of benzodiazepines use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders. Heliyon, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00688
Boggs, J. M. ( 1,2 ), Beck, A. ( 1,2 ), Ritzwoller, D. P. ( 1,2 ), Lindrooth, R. C. ( 2 ), Battaglia, C. ( 2,11 ), Ahmedani, B. K. ( 3,12 ), Rossom, R. C. ( 4 ), Lynch, F. L. ( 5 ), Lu, C. Y. ( 6 ), Waitzfelder, B. E. ( 7 ), Owen-Smith, A. A. ( 8,13 ), Simon, G. E. ( 9 ), & Anderson, H. D. ( 10 ). (n.d.). Association between suicide death and concordance with benzodiazepine treatment guidelines for anxiety and sleep disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 62, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.005
Recker, J. (2021). Ethical considerations in research. In Scientific research in information systems (pp. 197-214). Springer, Cham.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85436-2_7