Block Chain Technology Assignment: The Literature Review

Question

Task: Follow the template and steps below to complete your literature review and proposal. Remove any instructions provided, and replace them with the information required.

1. Abstract (3 marks)
   • Aim of the research (in summary form, to complete after literature review)
   • Approach or methodology and innovation (in summary form, to complete after proposed methodology in section 4)
   • Expected outcomes and significance (in summary form, to complete after literature review)

2. Literature Review – Broad Scan and Reading (minimum 3 rounds) (3x3 = 9 marks)

Round 1

• What research interests lead you to the choice of initial keywords?
• List keywords, source/research database, number of results returned
• List out result: search results list presented in table format (first 20+, with NO detailed abstracts, Highlight the articles selected for detailed/focused reading)

Title, author, year, journal/conference title

• Review & Summary (a paragraph of 6 -10 lines)

What was your opinion after going through the initial search results list?

What considerations led to the new set of keywords?

• List out the new keywords derived.
• Provide details of the articles/work identified-Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract

These are the most relevant articles you find in round 1 search result list. Read these articles under focused reading. Present details of the articles in table format.

• Appendix (need to be conducted in round 1 broad scan but to be included at the end of the document, NOT here) including first 20+ returned search including detailed abstracts

Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract

Round 2

• List keywords, derived in round 1, source/research database, number of results returned
• List out result: Up to 20 search results list, presented in table format with no detailed abstracts (Highlight the articles selected for detailed/focused reading)

Title, author, year, journal/conference title

• Review & Summary (a paragraph of 6 -10 lines)

What was your opinion after going through the initial search results list?

What considerations led to the new set of keywords?

• List out the new keywords derived.
• Provide details of the articles/work identified-Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstractà to be read in the focused reading

These are the most relevant articles you find in round 2 search result list. Read these articles under focused reading. Present details of the articles in table format.

• Appendix (need to be conducted in round 2 broad scan but to be included at the end of the document, not here) including first 20+ returned search including detailed abstracts

Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract

Round 3

• List keywords, derived in round 2, source/research database, number of results returned
• List out result: Up to 20 search results list, presented in table format with no detailed abstracts (Highlight the articles selected for detailed/focused reading)

Title, author, year, journal/conference title

• Review & Summary (a paragraph of 6 -10 lines)

What was your opinion after going through the search results list?

What consideration led to the new set of keywords?

• List out the new keywords derived.
• Provide details of articles/work identified-Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract

These are the most relevant articles you find in round 3 search result list. Read these articles under focused reading. Present details of the articles in table format.

• Appendix (need to be conducted in round 3 broad scan but to be included at the end of the document, not here) including first 20+ returned search including detailed abstracts

Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract

3. Literature Review – Focused Reading (2+ articles) (10 marks)

• You are expected to READ 4-6 articles identified from broad scan.
• Select the most suitable (minimum of 2) articles for focused reading.
• Your focused reading should achieve the following goals:
  • Understand the background of current research (state of the art)
  • Identify research problem for your research
  • The research problem should be achievable with your capacity (knowledge, time, facilities), via practical methods

Article 1, Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract (approximately 1 and a half page)

• What did the authors do (key contributions)
• Why did the authors conduct the research (existing problems)
• What are the key differences in the method/approach (innovation)
• What are main achievements, significance
• What can be further improved
• Research problems identified (to be reflected in the proposed research)

Article 2, Title, author, year, journal/conference title, abstract (approximately 1 and a half page)

• What did the authors do (key contributions)
• Why did the authors conduct the research (existing problems)
• What are the key differences in the method/approach (innovation)
• What are main achievements, significance
• What can be further improved
• Research problems identified (to be reflected in the proposed research)

4. Proposed Research (approximately half page to one page) (4 marks)
   • Background or context. In summary format highlight what is lacking in the existing research. In particular use references to focus reading carried out in part 3.
   • Aim of your research, what is to be researched, proposed or explored.
   • Approach or methodology and innovation, based on the reading, the likely approaches, highlight the difference and innovation, with references.
   • Expected outcomes and significance, what will be the contribution to human knowledge.
   • Proposed work should be novel – has not been done before
   • Needs to be achievable - are you capable in conducting the research and obtaining the expected outcomes?

Answer

Abstract
Aim of the research: The study examined in the block chain technology assignment will shed light on the block chain technology and various aspects associated with the.

Approach of methodology of information: The entire study explored in the block chain technology assignment will be conducted with the help of systematic research wherein some of the key platforms have been used such as Scholar for carrying out the research.

Expected outcome and significance: The present block chain technology assignment will provide a brief understanding of the various concepts related to block chain technology and enhancement of the personal understanding while carrying out the research.

Literature review
Round 1
What research interests lead you to the choice of initial keywords? 100
The initial keywords was researched on the basis of the potential common search terms which represents the main concepts of the research topic which is Blockchain technology

List of keywords, research database, and the number of results returned

Listing of results utilized in the block chain technology assignment in tabular format

Review and summary
Opinion after going through initial research
I feel that block chain technology examined in the block chain technology assignment is the most popular topic for conducting any type of research study. Modern business has been gaining significant amount of help from this modern technology, which provides a strong as well as robust access towards the data management.

Mention the consideration that led to new set of keywords

List the new keywords
The new set of keywords includes security vulnerability of blockchain technology, application of blockchain technology, blockchain technology in finance.

Provide details about the author identified in the context of block chain technology assignment -
Article 1
Title: Beyond bitcoin

Author: Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S. and Kalyanaraman, V

Year: 2016

Journal: Applied Innovation

Abstract: The article examined in the block chain technology assignment signifies that a blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records, or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of most of the participants in the system. Once entered, information can never be erased. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. Bitcoin, the decentralized peer-to-peer digital currency, is the most popular example that uses blockchain technology. As per the readings used to prepare this block chain technology assignment also mentions that the digital currency bitcoin itself is highly controversial but the underlying blockchain technology has worked flawlessly and found wide range of applications in both financial and non-financial world. The main hypothesis is that the blockchain establishes a system of creating a distributed consensus in the digital online world. This allows participating entities to know for certain that a digital event happened by creating an irrefutable record in a public ledger. It opens the door for developing a democratic open and scalable digital economy from a centralized one. There are tremendous opportunities in this disruptive technology, and the revolution in this space has just begun. This paper on block chain technology assignment describes blockchain technology and some compelling specific applications in both financial and non-financial sector. We then look at the challenges ahead and business opportunities in this fundamental technology that is all set to revolutionize our digital world

Article 2
Title: Architecture, consensus, and future trends

Author: Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X. and Wang, H

Year: 2017

Journal: IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress)

Abstract: Blockchain, the foundation of Bitcoin, has received extensive attention recently. Blockchain serves as an immutable ledger which allows transactions take place in a decentralized manner. Blockchain-based applications are springing up, covering numerous fields including financial services, reputation system and Internet of Things (IoT), and so on. However, there are still many challenges of blockchain technology such as scalability and security problems waiting to be overcome. This paper on block chain technology assignment presents a comprehensive overview on blockchain technology. The article used in this segment of block chain technology assignment provides an overview of blockchain architecture firstly and compare some typical consensus algorithms used in different blockchains. Furthermore, technical challenges and recent advances are briefly listed. We also lay out possible future trends for blockchain.

Article 3
Title: Blockchain beyond bitcoin

Author: Underwood, S

Year: 2016

Journal : Communications of the ACM

Abstract: B L O C K C H A I N T E C H N O L O G Y HAS examined in the block chain technology assignment attracted attention as the basis of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, but its capabilities extend far beyond that, enabling existing technology applications to be vastly improved and new applications never previously practical to be deployed. Also known as distributed ledger technology, blockchain is expected to revolutionize industry and commerce and drive economic change on a global scale because it is immutable, transparent, and redefines trust, enabling secure, fast, trustworthy, and transparent solutions that can be public or private. It could empower people in developing countries with recognized identity, asset ownership, and financial inclusion; and it could avert a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis, support effective healthcare programs, improve supply chains and, perhaps, clean up unethical behavior in high-value businesses such as diamond trading.

Article 4
Title: Securing smart cities using blockchain technology

Author: Biswas, K. and Muthukkumarasamy, V

Year: 2016

Journal: IEEE 18th international conference on high performance computing and communications; IEEE 14th international conference on smart city; IEEE 2nd international conference on data science and systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS)

Abstract: 1. A smart city uses information technology to integrate and manage physical, social, and business infrastructures in order to provide better services to its dwellers while ensuring efficient and optimal utilization of available resources. With the proliferation of technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and interconnected networks, smart cities can deliver innovative solutions and more direct interaction and collaboration between citizens and the local government. Despite a number of potential benefits, digital disruption poses many challenges related to information security and privacy. This paper on block chain technology assignment proposes a security framework that integrates the blockchain technology with smart devices to provide a secure communication platform in a smart city.

Article 5
Title: Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities

Author: Sun, J., Yan, J. and Zhang, K.Z

Year: 2016

Journal: Financial Innovation

Abstract: The notion of smart city has grown popular over the past few years. It embraces several dimensions depending on the meaning of the word “smart” and benefits from innovative applications of new kinds of information and communications technology to support communal sharing.

Round 2
What research interests lead you to the choice of initial keywords?
From the above research on block chain technology assignment, immense idea has been gained regarding the application of blockchain technology. For better understanding of the dimensions of the technology, the choice of initial keywords has been considered.

List of keywords
The keywords include blockchain in bank, overview of blockchain, blockchain technology for patients, blockchain in smart city.

Listing of results in tabular format within this block chain technology assignment

Review and summary
Opinion after going through initial research
The initial research was conducted on this block chain technology assignment by considering the keywords for getting relevant research material and articles related to the research topic.

Mention the consideration that led to new set of keywords
The new set of keywords was searched by keeping in mind the importance of this technology in various sphere of life.

List the new keywords
The new keywords provided in this segment of block chain technology assignment include online businesses through blockchain technology, analytical framework of blockchain technology, and electricity market through blockchain technology.

Provide details about the author identified-
Article 1:
Title: Blockchain technology overview

Author: Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N. and Scarfone, K

Year: 2019

Journal: arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.11078

Abstract: This article examined within this block chain technology assignment illustrates that blockchains are tamper evident and tamper resistant digital ledgers implemented in a distributed fashion (i.e., without a central repository) and usually without a central authority (i.e., a bank, company, or government). At their basic level, they enable a community of users to record transactions in a shared ledger within that community, such that under normal operation of the blockchain network no transaction can be changed once published. This document provides a high-level technical overview of blockchain technology. The purpose is to help readers understand how blockchain technology works.

Article 2:
Title: Potentials of blockchain technology for construction management

Author: Turk, Ž. and Klinc, R

Year: 2017

Journal: Procedia engineering

Abstract: Blockchain technology enables distributed, encrypted and secure logging of digital transactions. It is the underlying technology of Bitcoin and other crypto currencies. Blockchain is expected to revolutionize computing in several areas, particularly where centralization was unnatural and privacy was important. In the paper, we present research on where and how this technology could be useful in the construction industry. The work analysed in the block chain technology assignment is based on the study of literature on open issues that exist in construction process management. These are than matched to the capabilities of blockchain

Article 3:
Title: Blockchain technology and decentralized governance: Is the state still necessary?

Author: Atzori, M

Year: 2015

Journal: Available at SSRN 2709713

Abstract: 1. The present article utilized in this segment of block chain technology assignment reflects that the core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis provided in the block chain technology assignment highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.

Article 4:
Title: The limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy

Author: Hawlitschek, F., Notheisen, B. and Teubner, T

Year: 2018

Journal: Electronic commerce research and applications

Abstract: At the tip of the hype cycle, trust-free systems based on blockchain technology promise to revolutionize interactions between peers that require high degrees of trust, usually facilitated by third party providers. Peer-to-peer platforms for resource sharing represent a frequently discussed field of application for “trust-free” blockchain technology. However, trust between peers plays a crucial and complex role in virtually all sharing economy interactions. In the present article illustrated in the block chain technology assignment, we hence shed light on how these conflicting notions may be resolved and explore the potential of blockchain technology for dissolving the issue of trust in the sharing economy. By means of a dual literature review we find that 1) the conceptualization of trust differs substantially between the contexts of block chain and the sharing economy, 2) blockchain technology is to some degree suitable to replace trust in platform providers, and that 3) trust-free systems are hardly transferable to sharing economy interactions and will crucially depend on the development of trusted interfaces for blockchain-based sharing economy ecosystems.

Article 5:
Title: Towards a novel privacy-preserving access control model based on blockchain technology in IoT

Author: Ouaddah, A., Elkalam, A.A. and Ouahman, A.A

Year: 2017

Journal: In Europe and MENA Cooperation Advances in Information and Communication Technologies

Abstract: Access control faces big challenges in IoT. Unfortunately, it is hard to implement current access control standards on smart object due to its constrained nature while the introduction of powerful and trusted third party to handle access control logic could harm user privacy. In this work, we show how blockchain, the promising technology behind Bitcoin, can be very attractive to face those arising challenges. We therefore propose Fair Access as a new decentralized pseudonymous and privacy preserving authorization management framework that leverages the consistency of blockchain technology to manage access control on behalf of constrained devices.

Round 3
What research interests lead you to the choice of initial keywords in the context of this block chain technology assignment?
The choice of initial keywords was entirely on the enhancement of the concepts related to blockchain development.

Listing of results in tabular format

Review and summary
Opinion after going through initial research
I feel that blockchain technology comes with a various range of aspects which requires consideration and thus, each o the keyword where used for developing a better understanding of the research topic.

Mention the consideration that led to new set of keywords
The new set of keywords has been considered for the selection of more relevant articles with respect to the topic undertaken to prepare this block chain technology assignment.

List the new keywords
The new list of keywords includes Block-chain technology in cloud computing, blockchain technology systematic review, blockchain technology IoT electric business, blockchain technology smart government.

Provide details about the author identified-
Article 1
Title: U.S. Patent Application 15/881,715

Author: Simon, J., High, D.R., Wilkinson, B., Mattingly, T., Cantrell, R., John, J.O.B.V., McHale, B. and Jurich, J., Walmart Apollo, Llc

Year: 2018

Journal: Managing participation in a monitored system using blockchain technology

Abstract: Examples of the disclosure provide systems and methods for managing participation in a monitored system. A system identifies an asset associated with trigger data and authorization data. The trigger data is associated with triggers configured to execute on condition that parameters are satisfied, and the authorization data is associated with an authorization of members to perform tasks. A transaction request associated with a transfer of the asset is transmitted to a network, and a validation notification is received from the network. On condition that the first parameter provided in the block chain technology assignment is satisfied, a validation notification associated with a transfer of another asset between the participant and the member is received from the network. On condition that the second parameter is satisfied, a validation notification associated with another transfer of the asset between the participant and the first member is received from the network.

Article 2
Title: Current trends in sustainability of bitcoins and related blockchain technology

Author: Giungato, P., Rana, R., Tarabella, A. and Tricase, C

Year: 2017

Journal: Sustainability

Abstract: Bitcoin is a digital currency based on a peer-to-peer payment system managed by an open source software and characterized by lower transaction costs, greater security and scalability than fiat money and no need for a central bank. Despite criticisms about illegal uses and social consequences, it is attracting the interest of the scientific community. The purpose of this work analysed in this section of block chain technology assignment is to define and evaluate the current trends of the literature concerned with the sustainability of bitcoin, considering the environmental impacts, social issues and economic aspects. From the analysis it emerges that the transition of the whole monetary system in the new cryptocurrency will result in an unacceptable amount of energy consumed to mine new bitcoins and to maintain the entire virtual monetary system, and probably bitcoin will remain a niche currency. Blockchain, which is the base for a distributed and democratically-sustained public ledger of the transactions, could foster new and challenging opportunities. Sharing the framework of medical data, energy generation and distribution in micro-grids at the citizen level, block-stack and new state-driven cryptocurrencies, may benefit from the widespread of blockchain-based transactions. Under the perspective of its being a driver of social change, bitcoins and related blockchain technologies may overcome the issues highlighted by numerous detractors.

Article 3
Title: Detection of Tampered Images Using Blockchain Technology.

Author:Jnoub, N. and Klas, W

Year: 2019

Journal:

Abstract: Multimedia data, especially images are increasing dramatically. Images published on the Web are more often facing the risk of being tampered or manipulated since their content is easily mutable. Using blockchain technology provides advantages and, at the same time, challenges when dealing with this issue due to the following reasons: (a) data in a blockchain are well saved and immutable and (b) adding the data directly to a blockchain may consume much time which makes it computationally and economically expensive. Thus, we propose a blockchain-based solution which considers two key aspects: First, using a blockchain to register information about ownership and copyrights for authors, as well as descriptive information of an image, used to detect copyright violations. Second, avoiding insertion of raw image data into the blockchain, but storing only unique descriptive metadata about the images, allowing for a more efficient implementation of the system. This work considers different well-known image matching approaches to validate the power of the proposed approach, which allows for an efficient checking of violations of copyrights for a given image.

Article 4
Title: The all-pervasiveness of the blockchain technology

Author: Efanov, D. and Roschin, P

Year: 2018

Journal: Procedia Computer Science

Abstract: Conceptually, the blockchain is a distributed database containing records of transactions that are shared among participating members. Each transaction is confirmed by the consensus of a majority of the members, making fraudulent transactions unable to pass collective confirmation. Once a record is created and accepted by the blockchain, it can never be altered or disappear. Nowadays the blockchain technology is considered as the most significant invention since the Internet. If the latter connects people to realize on-line business processes, the former could decide the trust problem by peer-to-peer networking and public-key cryptography. The purpose of this paper on block chain technology assignment is to consider on distinct use cases at the all-pervasive impact of the blockchain technology and look at this as an inalienable part of our daily life.

Article 5
Title:The application of blockchain technology in E-government in China

Author: Hou, H

Year: 2017

Journal: 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN)

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of blockchain technology in e-government, particularly in the Chinese context. Chancheng District, part of Foshan City in Guangdong Province, China, has undertaken a project called "The Comprehensive Experimental Area of Big Data in Guangdong Province" since 2016. Promoting the application of blockchain technology in e-government is an essential part of this undertaking, which is the first use of blockchain in government in China. Taking Chancheng's project as a case study, this article analyzes the framework, difficulties and challenges of applying blockchain to e-government at present, and discusses how blockchain technology can contribute to the development of e-government and public services in China. The article selected to develop the block chain technology assignment considers the practical realities in China and discusses the application of blockchain technology in Chinese e-government, finding that blockchain technology can bring the following benefits: (1) improvements in the quality and quantity of government services, (2) greater transparency and accessibility of government information, (3) development of information-sharing across different organizations, and (4) assistance in building an individual credit system in China. However, information security, cost and reliability are still major problems in application. Thus, establishing a general application platform of blockchain technology and developing management standards are crucial for promoting and applying blockchain in e-government. Blockchain provides an effective way of making government services more efficient, but standardizing the management system, processes and responsibility for the application is necessary for its further promotion. This article, by providing an analysis of the practice of blockchain in e-government in China, could serve as a foundation for further practical work and theoretical research in government services.

Literature Review
Article 1

Contribution of author:
In this article, the author has illustrated the security framework, which collaborate the blockchain technology with the trending smart devices. As far as the introduction in concerned, the author has significantly provided a detailed introduction regarding the security framework, IoT devices and their exploitation in the real world. Along with this, the author has also illustrated the concept for smart city framework with the help of model, which will help in future for designing a better system.

Existing problems in the research: The author has conducted the research as with the concept of smart city, IT is used for integrating the various infrastructures. These enable effective utilization of the resources and improved services o dwellers. Despite wide range of benefits, the digital disruption has created many problems. Thus, the author has proposed a security framework in collaboration with blockchain technology, which provides secure mode of communication.

Key differences in the approach: Due to challenges in the disruption of the digital technologies, the author has come up with security framework, which comprises of various layers of communication. These frameworks would enable secure way of communication within the smart city.

Major achievements: The proposed framework by the author that is security framework for the smart city provides a wide range of benefits. Its integration with the blockchain technology makes it resilient towards threats. Along with this, it also offers better reliability, scalability as well as efficient operation. Through the proposed framework, the devices will be able to communicate in a secure manner in a single platform.

Areas of improvements: As far as areas of improvements are considered, future research can be conducted. Improved designs of the system can be made which would enhance the reliability as well as efficiency of the system.

Identified research problems: The main areas where significant problem might arise while conducting the research includes scalability as well as interoperability of the various platforms that are to be used in the smart city.

Article 2

Contribution of the author: The author in this article has presented the IoT e-business model, which is designed for this business. In this article, various redesigning of the elements in respect to the traditional terms of the E-business model has been identified. The framework developed in this article based on the case scenario of block chain technology assignment will help in assessing the transaction involved in the smart property as well as paid data through P2P trade base.

Existing problems in the research: The author has come up with the proposal as because in recent time, the developments of various traditional business frameworks have become quiet mature. The people for guiding various activities related to the business use these. Through the integration of IoT, the author has proposed to make changes in the designs and make a comprehensive business model.

Key differences in the approach: The author has adopted the designing of business E-model helps in making the transaction of business model in a convenient manner. Along with this, a method has been designed in the article, which is based on the smart contract as well as encrypted coins. The theories relate to the IoT e- business model was verified by designing of the two experiments.

Major achievements: The proposed models in the article illustrate the two types of commodities in the business model, which are namely paid data and smart property. These would be further integrated with a software application through which ownership can be exchanged and enough control can be achieved on the smart property.

Areas of improvements: The study developed in the block chain technology assignment clarifies that it is important for the author to make significant changes in the paid data wherein uniform format can be used along with the API and work on the ranking of the mechanisms as well as the credit system.

Identified research problems: From the article, the research problems, which have been identified, includes the issues with the data exchanges on the IoT platform, as it requires the data to be uploaded with a specific format. Furthermore, there are issues with the payment for the data provider.

Article 3:
Title: Blockchain technology for healthcare: facilitating the transition to patient-driven interoperability

Author: Gordon, W.J. and Catalini, C

Year: 2018

Journal: Computational and structural biotechnology journal

Abstract: Interoperability in healthcare has traditionally been focused around data exchange between business entities, for example, different hospital systems. However, it can also be stated herein block chain technology assignment that there has been a recent push towards patient-driven interoperability, in which health data exchange is patient-mediated and patient-driven. Patient-centered interoperability, however, brings with it new challenges and requirements around security and privacy, technology, incentives, and governance that must be addressed for this type of data sharing to succeed at scale. In this paper, we look at how blockchain technology might facilitate this transition through five mechanisms: (1) digital access rules, (2) data aggregation, (3) data liquidity, (4) patient identity, and (5) data immutability. We then look at barriers to blockchain-enabled patient-driven interoperability, specifically clinical data transaction volume, privacy and security, patient engagement, and incentives. We conclude by noting that while patient-driving interoperability is an exciting trend in healthcare, given these challenges, it remains to be seen whether blockchain can facilitate the transition from institution-centric to patient-centric data sharing.

Contribution of the author: The author in this article provided herein block chain technology assignment has specifically highlighted the data exchanges, which occur between the business entities. The author was considered the example of various hospital systems, as there has been significant push in the patent driver interoperability. Along with this, the author has highlighted five basic mechanisms followed by which the barriers are considered.

Key differences in the approach: The author in this article has considered five mechanisms through which the barriers related to the block-chain technology has been identified, these mechanisms include the patient identity, rules for the digital access, data immutability, liquidity of data as well as aggregation of data.

Major achievements:  The major achievement, which the author has received from this article, includes the patient driving interoperability is quite fascinating in nature. With the integration of blockchain technology, easy transition can be done from the institution centre to the sharing of data related to the patients.

Areas of improvements: As far as the areas of improvements are considered, the author should take into consideration the importance of blockchain and should integrate it with the patient interoperability. This would significantly help in enhancing the healthcare system. Along with this, the reason of doubt related to the integration of the blockchain technology with the health should be eliminated and future researchers must be accrued out on this particular topic.

Identified research problems: The most probable research problems identified from the article explored in this block chain technology assignment includes the usability of blockchain technology in the healthcare system. On further carrying out future researchers, it is important to consider the implication of the blockchain technology so that desired benefits can be achieved with respect to patient interoperability. Patient centred interoperability brings various challenges as well as new set of requirements with respect to the privacy as well as technological aspects. Although the article provided in the context of block chain technology assignment has illustrated the mechanism through which the blockchain technology can facilitate this particular transition, however, more research required to be carried out in the future.

Proposed research
Background
In consideration of the above research on block chain technology assignment, which has been carried out on the topic blockchain technology, various literary sources have been considered. There are significant loopholes, which has been identified while among a focused reading. The literary sources, which have been considered, have several issues and there has been no significant achievement with respect to the economy of scales in consideration of the relevant sources researched.

Aim of research
The aim of the research is to provide a deep understanding of the various economies of scale that is associated with the bitcoin. Crypto currency and smart city is considered as an important topic, which needs utmost focus, and thus the proposed work will be entirely a novel based on the cryptocurrency as well as smart city.

Approach
The proposed research will be carried on with the help of deductive approach. Through the approach, the existing models as well as theories will be used for better understanding of the topics of research. Based on this, the hypothesis on the case scenario of block chain technology assignment will be put for further testing and confronting it with relevant observations. The deductive approach will comprise of stages namely deduction of the hypotheses in relation to the topic of research, formulation of hypothesis, testing, examination as well as modification of the theory to get the desired results.

Finding and results
The new research study considered to prepare this block chain technology assignment will certainly make a valid contribution to the human knowledge as it entirely focuses on the fact that various elements of the blockchain technology, which has been scaled up, act as power equipment for the improvement of the framework of security and in the healthcare sector. It is important to understand the implication of the blockchain technology that would provide a competitive advantage through implantation of the infrastructure. Along with this, the lock chain technology will also help the organization to gain advancement in terms of technological developments and gain profit. The healthcare system can be also improved with the help of this technology, as it would help in integrating the details of the patients and other staff in safe and secure place. Furthermore, with the integration of blockchain technology, significant improvements can be provided in the healthcare sector.

Needs to be achievable
Thus, considering the overall analysis done in this block chain technology assignment it is important to understand the various implications of blockchain technology as this would help in bringing significant growth in the business organization across the world. Blockchain technology can also help in making the country much more developed in terms of technology and had significantly boost the economy.

References
Biswas, K. and Muthukkumarasamy, V., 2016, December. Securing smart cities using blockchain technology. Block chain technology assignment In 2016 IEEE 18th international conference on high performance computing and communications; IEEE 14th international conference on smart city; IEEE 2nd international conference on data science and systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS) (pp. 1392-1393). IEEE.

Gordon, W.J. and Catalini, C., 2018. Blockchain technology for healthcare: facilitating the transition to patient-driven interoperability. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 16, pp.224-230.

Zhang, Y. and Wen, J., 2017. The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology for the internet of things. Block chain technology assignment Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 10(4), pp.983-994.