Annotated Bibliography Assignment: Five Peer-Reviewed Journals On Contextual Factors

Question

Task: Write a short 150 word introduction discussing why the contextual factors are important to organisational decision making. The introduction is 150 words in total not 150 words per article.

The main contextual factor discussed in this journal article is organisational governance. Specifically the authors applied a new research and analysis approach to studying the relationship between governance structures and firm performance in Vietnamese organisations. Three aspects of governance were examined: board independence, CEO duality and board size. The research found that the higher the proportion of independent directors on the board, that is directors who neither work for the firm nor have extensive dealings with the company, the lower the performance of the firm. Likewise, when CEO duality is present, that is the CEO also serves as the board chair the lower the performance of the firm. However, the research found no relationship between the size of the board and the performance of the firm. In this research, firm performance or return on assets was measured by calculating operating income before depreciation divided by total assets.

The implications of this research is that firms should carefully consider the structure of their boards if they want high performing organisations. Specifically, the board directors should have some association with the firm as it appears that when a director works for the frim or has regulator contact with the firm, this intimate knowledge and understanding improves the performance of the firm. In addition, firms should carefully consider keeping the board chair position separate from the management structure of the firm; in particular, the CEO should not be the chair of the firm.

Write 4 more summaries that cite the reference first following by a description of the main contextual factor being discussed in the journal article, the new findings in relation to the contextual factor, and what these findings mean for managers in organisations.

Write a short 200 word conclusion recommending one specific contextual factor as most important to CQUniversity’s organisational performance. Explain your reasoning.

Answer

Introduction
The concerned assignment deals with an annotated bibliography of five peer-reviewed journals based on the contextual factors in the business fields. Organisational governance is significant in the effective decision-making process, organisation structure and governance helps the investors and shareholders to get protection for their investor due to lack of financial accountability and reporting. Environmental force in the other hand evidence in presenting future existence and positioning that depends on the internal and external environment. Managing risk in the organisation helps in mitigating the problems in the firms and increase profitability. An organization should have a diverse workforce so that it can capture a greater share of the consumer market. The diversity of firms fosters more innovative as well as the creative workforce. Best business and organisation practice helps in increasing the revenue of the company. Benchmarking, financial planning and performance monitoring are best business practices.

Article 1 :Mair, J., Mayer, J., & Lutz, E. (2015). Navigating institutional plurality: Organizational governance in hybrid organizations. Organization Studies, 36(6), 713-739. DOI: 10.1177/0170840615580007

The major contextual factors that are discussed in the journal article is organisational governance. The researcher has highlighted the role of governance along with the governing boards in the study of hybrids. The journal article focuses on the ways by which hybrid organisation set their governance practices and structure, this is a primary research where the researcher has concluded based on the survey of 70 enterprises that is a subset of an organisation. The role of social enterprises as a hybrid organisation is also being highlighted in this journal articles. The research has found that governance, as well as organisation structure, is the aspect of institutional plurality protects hybrid from the pressures and risks that are expressed by some multiple organisational goals.

The implication of this research can be done on the organisation as this journal is improving the knowledge regarding the organisational governance. The study has developed a structure and process that can help in involving various stakeholders and mitigate the conflicting goals. Organisational structure and governance can be improved by a two-step analytical approach that to deal with more informal practices at the organisational level.

The author of the articles has also tried to refine the current database that debate on social enterprises and a hybrid organisation. The authors mainly focused on the hybrid organisation that is being discussed among the practitioners and some policy makes on the social and private sectors. This can help the managers of the company to develop a structure that can improve the functions of the organisation.

Article 2: Kim, G., & Huh, M. G. (2015). Exploration and organizational longevity: The moderating role of strategy and environment. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(2), 389-414.DOI 10.1007/s10490-015-9409-0

This article focuses on the corporate social responsibility of the organisation as the main contextual factor of the business. The author of this article has tried to focus on the importance of CSR as environmental forces that can affect the performance of the countries. The author has also tried to examine the role of market environments in moderating the impact of CSR on the competence of marketing. This article is based on the findings of the CSR impact of the china’s organisation. It has also been found that positive impacts of the corporate social responsibility on the performance of firms.

The author has found that there is a positive relationship between CSR and marketing competence to enhance the market turbulence. One of the major factors is the CSR as an environmental force for an organisation. Most of the organisation considers CSR as one of the strategic action in the competitive market. The author has found that CSR includes all the activities that are beyond economic interest to yield the social benefits.

This research can be implemented by the managers by improving CSR activities. The managers can try out new ways by which their CSR activities can be enhanced. As a result, the reputation of the company and social interaction of the firm can be improved.

Article 3: Teece, D., Peteraf, M., & Leih, S. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: Risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy. California Management Review, 58(4), 13-35.doi:10.1525/cmr.2016.58.4.13

In the concerned article organisational agility is being discussed as one of the important contextual factors of the business. Organisational agility is treated as one of the constant states of the transformation. However, such kind of device that transforms is not always necessary. The aim of this research paper is to explore the agility at a fundamental level and relating it with more dynamic capabilities of an organisation. The author of the journal article has explored the mechanisms that calibrate the level of organisational agility that can deliver cost-effectively.

The author has found the ways to manage risks in the organisation. It has been found that companies can allocate resources to the employees in order to adjust their activities so that it can reduce the risk. There is also the financial risk that is faced by the business environment. The rate risk can be hedged through more number of arrangement and contracts with the firms. This can lead to the optimal allocation of the risk bearing.

This article can be used by the managers of an organisation to manage the risks of the organisation in an effective manner. This research study can help the managers to identify and implement new business strategies in the organisation to mitigate the risks of the organisation.

Article 4: Ansari, S., Reinecke, J., & Spaan, A. (2014). How are practices made to vary? Managing practice adaptation in a multinational corporation. Organization Studies, 35(9), 1313-1341.DOI: 10.1177/0170840614539310

The main contextual factor that has been addressed through this journal article is the management practices for an organisation. The researcher has developed an idea that less attention has been provided to the ways by which organisation can anticipate the adaptation process. The researcher has also found the theoretical motivations that are interested in the innovative management practices in an organisation. Both technical, as well as social management practices, help in improving the organisation in the best way. The researcher has also focused on ACE (Achieving competitive excellence) as an effective quality management system.

The researcher has found three strategies by which an organisation can balance between standardisation and variation. Firstly, the company can create and certify progressive as well as achievement levels. Secondly, setting mandatory and discretionary parameters by the company can also improve the organisation as well as business practices. The third strategy that can be implemented by the company is to differentiate the deportation of context-specific resources. This research paper focuses on the way through which meaningful practices can be created within the work environment.

The manager can use the strategies that are found in this article to make their business as well as organisation practices smooth. The organisation can encourage the beneficial adaptation that will help in increasing the effectiveness of the practices.

Article 5: Brannen, M. Y., Piekkari, R., & Tietze, S. (2014). The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 495-507. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.24

The main contextual factor that is being discussed in the journal article is language. This is one of the major forms of diversity in the firms. The author here discusses the multifaceted role o the language in international business. The author has highlighted the fact in the article that language is a key construct in the field of international business. The author of the journal article has tried to focus on understanding the complex interplay between language and multiple facets. This journal article is based on the review of 6 articles of the same topic. In order to maintain diversity, the author has considered language a distinctive way. The role of languages in international business has the influence of the realities of the global organisation.

The new findings based on the concerned contextual factor of the business are that there is a development of language stream in IB in three formative turns. Firstly language is decoupled from the culture; it is being a shift at the level of analysis from the individual organisation and lastly the joining of dispersed study regarding language. It has also been concluded in the article that building of professional discourse in an emerging market, language challenge and content can be helpful for both businesses as well as the management practitioners.

This paper can be implemented by the managers in the business organisation to improve language related diversity. Employee motivation can be enhanced using the awareness related to language diversity. The means of communication between managers and other employees can also be improved in an organisation.

Conclusion
Based on the annotated bibliography of 5 articles, it could be recommended that diversity in the firm is most significant. Diversity can maintain a healthy balance between the women and mane to outperform with their competitors. Proper knowledge can be accumulated regarding the inherent diversity such as gender, race and age so that cultural understanding can be maintained in the organisation. Ranges of the people with diverse culture can improve ethnicity in the CQUniversity. The diversity in the firms such as CQUniversity can improve the race, sexual orientation and gender equality. Diversity could be celebrated in the form to enhance creativity and innovation in the firm. In addition to this, diverse workforce in CQ University will bring the new different ideas to think and improve the concerned field. Thus, the organisation can service the client and customer base properly. Diversity in the workplace is composed if ranges of features such as political and religious beliefs. The organisation will improve their working with sexual orientation, geographic location and education. New ideas to grab the international opportunities’ can be incorporated in the company. Various ideas and opinions of the diverse workforce with produce better products and services can be given. This will result in increase of profit of the CQ University.

Reference list
Ansari, S., Reinecke, J., & Spaan, A. (2014). How are practices made to vary? Managing practice adaptation in a multinational corporation. Organization Studies, 35(9), 1313-1341.DOI: 10.1177/0170840614539310

Brannen, M. Y., Piekkari, R., & Tietze, S. (2014). The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 495-507. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.24

Kim, G., & Huh, M. G. (2015). Exploration and organizational longevity: The moderating role of strategy and environment. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(2), 389-414.DOI 10.1007/s10490-015-9409-0

Mair, J., Mayer, J., & Lutz, E. (2015). Navigating institutional plurality: Organizational governance in hybrid organizations. Organization Studies, 36(6), 713-739. DOI: 10.1177/0170840615580007

Teece, D., Peteraf, M., & Leih, S. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: Risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy. California Management Review, 58(4), 13-35.doi:10.1525/cmr.2016.58.4.13