WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN
Defining Within-Subjects Design
To understand the cause-and-effect relationship between the variables, it is essential to manipulate them, especially the independent variable.
In the concept of being in a within-subjects design, all variables are tested in all the possible conditions compared to an experiment in the case of a between-subject design.
Subject Design is also known as dependent groups/repeated method design; each researcher is trying to compare the methods with all the participants in varied situations.
Longitudinal studies also use the subject designs to comprehend the changes over time.
Working with Subject Design
The concept of within-subject design is about putting all the variables under the same head to understand the changes that have affected them over time.
Illustration:
If you take five variables like A, B, C, D, E, the next step is to make groups such as ABC, BCD, etc. Then, these groups are further divided to ensure that all variables are treated equally.
In case of any comparisons that have been drawn within the subjects, variables are chosen at random. The method helps gauge the impact of the present situation and eradicate the previous impacts. When variables are chosen at random, it means balancing out the impact of other factors across the variables.
Randomizing the variables is useful as it helps researchers treat all the variables similarly, thereby balancing out the impact of treatment on the outcome.
In the case of longitudinal studies, time is considered to be an independent variable. It is a well-known concept, and variables are such that researchers can’t remove the impact of time on their variables. Hence, it is said that longitudinal studies are about studying correlations between time and other variables.
Illustration:
In the case of surveys, where variables are included with time-variable, and then these are repeated on an annual basis to gauge the change in the mindset of people, and the results of different surveys are compared.
Comparison between Within-subject and Between-subject Designs
In the within-subjects design, variables are exposed to one situation, and a different treatment is given to different variables.
In the case of between-subject designs, there is no specific treatment given to any particular variable. Instead, multiple groups are combined, and the outcomes are compared accordingly.
The simplest difference between within-subjects designs and between-subject designs is that we are making comparisons within the group in the case of within. In the case of between, the comparison is made among several groups.
Illustration:
A model is prepared to study the impact of education in college and its impact on test scores.
Between-subject Designs: Two samples will be collated, one with students studying on campus and another with students doing the course online.
Within-subject Designs: Divide the sample so that 50% of total students attending college on campus will also be participating in the online course sample and vice-versa.
When we talk about factorial designs, a minimum of two or maximum of “n” number of independent variables are tested simultaneously. There is a complete mixing that happens at all levels, such that each independent variable is tested with each other to form various situations and analyze the results.
Factorial design is about changing variables within subjects to get different results. Based on the longitudinal studies, mixed experiments are conducted to study the nature of more independent variables.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Within-Subjects Design
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Advantages
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Disadvantages
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Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. Differentiate between within-subjects design and between-subject designs?
A1. The simplest difference between within-subject and between-subject design is that we are making comparisons within the group in the case of within. In the case of between, the comparison is made among several groups.
Q2. Mention advantages and disadvantages of within-subjects design?
A2. The benefits are that it needs a small sample and produce more robust products. The disadvantage is time-related factors can have a significant impact on the outcome.
Q3. Define Factorial Designs?
A3. Factorial design is about changing variables within subjects to get different results.
Q4.When we are taking one study, both within-subject designs and between-subject designs be considered?
A4. Yes, when there are more than two independent variables in one study, both within-subject designs and between-subject designs can be used.
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