Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method that may be applied to qualitative and quantitative research. Research students mostly use it as a helpful technique when researching a specific cultural subject with experts. However, when selecting the population of individuals to be engaged in a survey, the researchers depend on their judgement. As a result, this sampling method is also called subjective, selective, or judgemental sampling. Here’s what you’ll need:

• A clear understanding of the study’s objectives.
• One can choose or recruit eligible survey participants.
• One can conduct an online poll to choose a population segment that fits the required profile.
• Concentrate on sampling strategies in which the units under investigation are chosen depending on the researcher’s assessment.

Purposive Sampling: Definition

Purposive sampling is a collection of non-probability sampling approaches that rely on the researcher’s decision to choose the elements to be investigated, such as individuals, organizations, situations, incidents, information, etc. In contrast to probability sampling approaches, the sample size is less. Unlike probability sampling approaches, purposive sampling does not use randomized units from a population to construct a sample report that may be used to make statistical judgments. It is the goal of quantitative research design.

Purposive Sampling: Importance

The main objective of purposive sampling is:

• To concentrate on specific aspects of a demographic that are of interest.
• Purposive sampling is the most effective way to investigate and uncover the solution to your research issue.
• It allows researchers to extract a great deal of information from their data.
• Researchers can describe the significant influence their results have had on their population via purposive sampling.

Depending on the type of purposing sampling procedure utilized, the method’s aim differs. For homogenous sampling, for example, the researcher must choose the units based on their shared qualities. On the other hand, in exploratory or qualitative research, critical case sampling can determine if the phenomenon of relevance exists or is worth investigating alongside other fundamental studies.

Purposive Sampling Types

Purposive sampling encompasses a wide range of strategies used by academics to gather data. Purposive sampling is divided into several types:

Maximum Variation Sampling (MVS)

The technique gathers a diverse group of individuals with various points of view to research a specific issue. As a result, it is possible to find commonalities. The circumstances range from standard to unusual or severe. Various study units, such as individuals, events, distinct sets of data, organizations, and so on, are referred to as conditions. The many study units show a diverse range of behaviours, experiences, traits, qualities, circumstances, and episodes, among other things. Maximum variation sampling’s fundamental idea is to gain a larger and deeper understanding of an event by examining it from all available angles and viewpoints. It can frequently assist the researcher in identifying the common and essential themes that run across the sample.

Homogeneous Sampling

In this case, you must choose a small, homogenous set of respondents or units to examine and analyze as part of the study process. The goal of sampling is to create a homogenous sample with comparable features or attributes in terms of age, gender, employment, culture, etc. For instance, young University students: female, age 20-25.

Deviant or Extreme Case Sampling

It concentrates on extraordinary cases that are uncommon or rare in design. It emphasizes the senses that have noticeable results, whether successes or failures. The deviant case sampling technique aids research students in making a memorable impression on their lecturers and contributing something distinctive to their fields. Extreme instances can provide valuable insight into a phenomenon, which can be utilized as a lesson or guidance for further research or practice. It exemplifies the truest form of understanding of the topic under investigation.

Critical Case Sampling

Critical case sampling is employed in explorative research or other restricted source research. The research team must first discover the factors that make a subject essential to uncover critical concerns. It can also be used to test hypotheses by selecting a case that allows logical conclusions such as “If something is true in this situation, then it must be true in all circumstances.” “If it isn’t valid in this situation, it isn’t likely to be reliable in any other cases,” or “If it isn’t valid in this case, it isn’t expected to be legitimate in any other”. As a result, it allows for logical generalization and optimum utilization of information than other cases. If something is true in one case, it is probably true.

Typical Case Sampling

Using typical case sampling, you can investigate a phenomenon or pattern involving “typical” or “average” individuals of the affected group. You’ll learn, for instance, how a specific school curriculum impacts the average student. The researcher then decides to concentrate on typical students in a specific demographic. The sampling units in this type of purposive sampling are broad, as in studies of communities in underdeveloped nations. It will enable the researcher to demonstrate the overall procedure. If the study report will be read mainly by those inexperienced with the subject matter, this technique is advantageous.

Total Population sampling

Academicians use this method to examine the whole population for special characteristics, like unique experiences, such as the current coronavirus outbreak, comparable knowledge capacities, incident exposure, and so on. Since the population with the specific characteristics you’re interested in is tiny, the entire population is typically chosen.

Expert Sampling

Expert sampling is a technique for gathering information from specialized knowledge on a specific study topic. It’s employed when you require the input or perspective of people who have a lot of understanding about the subject. Expert sampling is a basic sub-type of purposive sampling if applied in this manner. It is useful when there is a paucity of empirical data in a field, high degrees of ambiguity, and circumstances where research results might take a long time to reveal. As a result, it may be regarded as a foundation of a research strategy.

Purposive Sampling: Pros and cons

Every method of prospective sampling has its own set of pros and cons. The following are a few of them:

Pros

• It allows researchers to communicate the significance of their discoveries to the general public.
• It is simple to implement. When compared to alternative sample techniques, it saves time and money.
• Purposive sampling is a dynamic research strategy that may be tailored to improve the efficacy of a survey.
• Purposive sampling can also be used to obtain data even if you have a restricted number of primary data sources that can add to the research.
• Different methodologies have different purposes, but they might justify generating generalizations based on the sample size to appreciate their respective benefits.

Cons

• The first disadvantage is that the results are skewed since the researchers make discretionary or generic assumptions when selecting participants for the online survey. However, the hazard exists only if the researcher’s work is not well-considered. Or if they’re not based on explicit criteria.
• The units of measurement are chosen by the researcher based on their assessment. Then, one can test the study by providing alternative solutions to see if the main findings are correct.
• For purposive sampling, students may find it challenging to believe that the judgement you used to choose units for the test case was suitable.

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