Driscoll’s Model of Reflection
Driscoll’s Model of Reflectionframework can be used to guide the process of reflective writing. It was developed by Driscoll (1994) and is commonly used in healthcare professions. The model has three main stages: What, So What, and Now What.

The “What” stage involves describing the event or situation you are reflecting on. This includes the context, actions, and observations of the situation.

The “So What” stage requires deeper analysis and critical thinking. Here, you consider the significance and impact of the event or situation and your thoughts and feelings about it.

The “Now What” stage involves applying what you have learned from the reflection to future situations. This stage may involve identifying changes you can make to your practice or considering how to approach similar situations differently. Driscoll’s Model of Reflectionprovides a valuable framework for reflection that can help individuals gain insight into their practice and develop strategies for improvement.

Steps in Driscoll’s Model of Reflection
The “What” stage
The “What” stage of Driscoll’s Model of Reflection involves describing the situation or event you are reflecting on. This involves describing the context of the situation; the actions taken, and your observations. For example, if you reflect on a patient interaction, you may describe the setting (e.g. hospital ward or clinic), the patient’s condition, and any relevant background information. You may also describe your actions, such as communicating with the patient or conducting an assessment. Finally, your observations may include any notable interactions with the patient, their responses, or any changes in their condition.

Another example of Driscoll’s Model of Reflection could be a reflection on a team meeting. In this case, you may describe the context of the meeting, such as the purpose and agenda, and any relevant background information about the team members or project. You may also describe your actions during the meeting, such as how you contributed to the discussion or any challenges you faced. Your observations could include any notable points raised during the meeting, conflicts or disagreements, or decisions made. A detailed description in the “What” stage of Driscoll’s Model helps to provide context and clarity to the reflection process. It allows for a thorough analysis and evaluation in the later stages of the model.

The “So What” stage
The “So What” stage of Driscoll’s Model of Reflection requires deeper analysis and critical thinking. In this stage, you reflect on the significance and impact of the event or situation described in the “What” stage and consider your thoughts and feelings about it. This stage helps you gain a deeper understanding of the situation and identify any key emerging themes or issues. For example, if you are reflecting on a patient interaction, consider the significance of the interaction and its impact on the patient’s care or well-being. You may also reflect on your thoughts and feelings during the interaction, such as any emotions or biases or assumptions you may have had.

Another example could be a reflection on a clinical decision. In this case, consider the significance of the decision and its impact on the patient’s care or treatment. You may also reflect on your thought processes during the decision-making process, such as any factors that influenced your decision or any uncertainties or ethical considerations you had to navigate.

The “So What” stage is essential in Driscoll’s Model of Reflection process as it encourages critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the situation. It helps to identify areas for improvement and informs future practice.

The “Now What” stage
The “Now What” stage of Driscoll’s Model of Reflectioninvolves thinking about how to apply what you have learned from the reflection to future situations. This stage helps to ensure that the reflection process is not just a theoretical exercise but is also practical and valuable for improving future practice.

For example, if you are reflecting on patient interaction, consider how you can apply what you have learned to future patient interactions. You may identify areas for improvement in your communication or approach and consider strategies for addressing these in the future. This could include seeking colleague feedback, attending training or workshops, or reading relevant literature.

Another example could be a reflection on a team meeting. In this case, consider how you can apply what you have learned to future team meetings. For example, identify areas for improvement in team communication or decision-making processes and consider strategies for addressing these in the future. This could include suggesting changes to the meeting format, seeking input from other team members, or attending training on effective team communication.

The “Now What” stage is essential in Driscoll’s Model of Reflectionprocess as it encourages action and improvement. It ensures that the insights gained from reflection are applied in practice and helps to promote ongoing learning and development.

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